Du temps où j’étais enseignante, j’avais un élève dont le comportement m’intriguait; il « était toujours ailleurs » comme le répétait une de mes collègues en le mimant, pour le vanner et faire rire toute la salle des profs.
De ce temps-là, j’étais trop jeune pour faire face à une cruelle intimidatrice et trop inexpérimentée pour comprendre l’état du pauvre garçon. Tout ce que j’ai pu faire, c’est de conseiller sa mère, une femme simple et ignorante, à le placer dans un centre spécialisé. Malheureusement, elle le plaça dans une autre école où il a dû subir, la même maltraitance. Des années plus tard, j’ai su qu’il s’est donné la mort.
Depuis, je cherche des réponses à cette question qui me tourmente, des réponses que je suis allée chercher chez Docteur Randa El Barrage spécialisée en psychologie clinique et membre au centre CPRM.
Ma question était simple ; c’est quoi l’autisme et pourquoi ?
Dans sa clinique cozy, elle m’expliqua que l’autisme est un trouble du neurodéveloppement. Il se manifeste dès la petite enfance, à l’entour des 3 ans et a des conséquences à différents niveaux et degrés sur les sphères développementales de l’enfant c.à.d. au niveau de l’autonomie, des interactions et de la participation sociales. Il est donc important de le diagnostiquer et d’y intervenir le plus précocement possible sinon on verra la situation du patient s’aggraver.
Les symptômes de l’autisme sont très variables d’un individu à l’autre, c’est pourquoi on parle du spectre de l’autisme et cette dualité autistique regroupe l’ensemble de ces symptômes dans plusieurs domaines :
1-La communication et interactions sociales; des comportements, activités ou intérêts restreints ou répétitifs.
2-Des difficultés à s’intégrer socialement (retrait social ou, à l’inverse, sollicitations sociales présentes, voire nombreuses, mais considérées comme inadaptées).
3-Un trouble de la communication non verbale (l’autiste évite tout contact visuel).
4-Une difficulté à comprendre ou bien déceler les sentiments d’autrui.
5-Un langage absent ou trouble du langage ou retard de langage et une tendance à répéter des syllabes, mots ou expressions stéréotypées (écholalies), ainsi que des comportements répétitifs (balancements, torsion de membres).
6-Une difficulté à s’adapter aux changements de routine.
7-Une hyper / ou hypo-sensorialité (aux sons, à la lumière, aux odeurs, aux goûts.) 8-Des troubles de la coordination, des apprentissages, une déficience intellectuelle, de même des troubles psychiatriques (anxiété, phobie sociale, dépression, bipolarité, schizophrénie, ou encore épilepsie ou reflux gastro-œsophagien ou insom
La cause est toujours indiscernable ; des études estiment qu’environ 1% de la population mondiale est atteinte d’autisme et que 200 gènes y ont été associés. S’y ajoutent des facteurs environnementaux, (neuro-inflammation, virus, prise de certains médicaments durant la grossesse).
Le plus remarquable est que certains sondages estiment que les garçons sont quatre fois plus fréquemment diagnostiqués avec un autisme que les filles. La probabilité d’avoir un enfant autiste est 20 fois plus élevée dans les familles où les parents ont déjà eu un enfant autiste. De plus, les vrais jumeaux partagent le diagnostic d’autisme plus souvent que les faux jumeaux.
Jusqu’à nos jour, aucune méthode ni aucun traitement médicamenteux ont pu prétendre guérir de l’autisme. Cependant, il est avéré que la combinaison d’interventions d’ordre éducatif, cognitive, comportemental et développemental permet de corriger des difficultés, de contrôler certains états et de potentialiser les aptitudes de l’autiste et favoriser son développement et minorer ses difficultés fonctionnelles au quotidien pour améliorer sa qualité de vie.
La prise en charge de l’autisme est uniquement symptomatique et passe donc actuellement par des stratégies thérapeutiques personnalisées : rééducation orthophonique, psychoéducation, rééducation psychomotrice. Ces dernières sont d’autant plus efficaces lorsqu’elles sont appliquées à un stade précoce du développement de l’individu. Tout cela est facilement applicable quand des associations surtout gouvernementales y sont impliquées, « malheureusement, ceci est loin d’être au Liban, on l’espère dans l’avenir »
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