Home / Mon exposition / Frederick Childe Hassam, le plus grand des impressionistes américains.

Frederick Childe Hassam, le plus grand des impressionistes américains.

Bien que grande admiratrice du courant impressionniste, le nom du grand peintre, Frederick Childe Hassam m’avait échappé à un certain moment de ma vie. Et c’est grâce à un ami qui m’a fait visiter le Métropolitain Museum à NY que j’ai pu l’admirer et partager aujourd’hui ce plaisir avec vous.

Frederick Childe Hassam était un impressionniste américain, célèbre pour ses scènes urbaines et côtières. Il a joué un rôle déterminant dans la déclaration de l’impressionnisme auprès des collectionneurs, marchands et musées américains. Il a produit plus de 3000 peintures, huiles, aquarelles, gravures et lithographies au cours de sa carrière et était un artiste américain influent du début du 20e siècle. Né dans une luxueuse maison d’Olney Street de Boston, le 17 octobre 1859, son père, Frederick Fitch Hassam, était un coutelier prospère, possédant une grande collection de pièces d’art et d’antiquités.

Très tôt, Hassam a démontré un intérêt pour l’art. Il a eu ses premières leçons de dessin et d’aquarelle tout en fréquentant l’école « The Mather ». Un incendie désastreux en 1872 anéantit une grande partie du quartier commercial de Boston, y compris les affaires de son père, alors il quitta le lycée à 17 ans. Malgré l’offre de son oncle de payer une éducation à Harvard, Hassam a préféré aider sa famille tout en étudiant l’art de la gravure sur bois ; il travailla d’abord avec le graveur George Johnson puis, commença à peindre artistiquement des études en plein air; son médium préféré était l’aquarelle. Il a continué à développer sa technique tout en suivant des cours de dessin au Lowell Institute et au Boston Art Club. En 1883, à la suite de sa première exposition personnelle à la Williams and Everett Gallery de Boston, il fut conseillé par son ami Edmund H. Garrett de le rejoindre pour un «voyage d’étude» de deux mois en Europe. Ils voyagèrent à travers le Royaume-Uni où il fut particulièrement impressionné par les aquarelles de JMW Turner, les Pays-Bas, la France, l’Italie, la Suisse et l’Espagne, étudiant ensemble les maîtres anciens et créant des aquarelles de la campagne européenne. Il a été particulièrement influencé par le cercle de William Morris Hunt, qui comme le grand peintre paysagiste français Jean-Baptiste-Camille Corot, a souligné la tradition de Barbizon de travailler directement à partir de la nature et a suivi aussi les conseils de Jean-Léon Gérôme , qui a abandonné son sujet traditionnel et a dit à ses pairs américains: «Regardez autour de vous et peignez ce que vous voyez. Oubliez les Beaux- arts et les modèles rendent la vie intense qui vous entoure et soyez assurés que le pont de Brooklyn vaut le Colisée de Rome et que l’Amérique moderne est aussi belle que le bric-à-brac de l’antiquité ».

En 1886, il s’installe à Paris, place Pigalle, le centre de la communauté artistique parisienne et étudia le dessin et la peinture de personnages à la prestigieuse Académie Julian, mais est rapidement passé à l’auto-apprentissage, constatant que la formation académique écrase toute originalité. Ses premières œuvres parisiennes étaient des scènes de rue, employant une palette majoritairement brune. En1887, Hassam peint deux versions du Grand Prix Day, utilisant un changement de palette révolutionnaire : il posait sur la toile des couleurs plus douces et plus diffuses, semblables aux impressionnistes français, créant des scènes pleines de lumière, réalisées avec des coups de pinceau plus libres. Un critique a commenté: « Il est rafraîchissant de constater que M. Hassam, au milieu de tant de courants artistiques bons, mauvais et indifférents, semble pagayer son propre canoë avec beaucoup d’indépendance et de méthode». A l’Exposition Universelle de 1889 à Paris, il remporta une médaille de bronze. Durant son sejour en France, son unique et étroit contact avec un artiste impressionniste français fut lorsqu’il a repris l’ancien atelier de Renoir et a trouvé quelques-uns des croquis à l’huile du peintre laissés pour compte. «Je ne savais rien de Renoir ou je me souciais de Renoir. J’ai regardé ces expériences en couleur pure et j’ai vu que c’était ce que j’essayais de faire moi-même ». Rentrant à New York, il trouva un studio sur la Cinquième Avenue et y a repris son illustration d’atelier et par beau temps réalise des paysages en extérieur. La rue à la mode était alors parcourue par des calèches et des chariots. C’était l’un des sujets préférés de ses peintures. Il utilisa habilement une palette foncée distinctive de noirs et de bruns (normalement considérés comme des «couleurs interdites» par les impressionnistes stricts) pour créer un panorama urbain hivernal à «caractère américain». Pour son Washington « Arch in Spring », il a plutôt démontré une palette de pastel vif imprégnée de blanc semblable à ce que Monet aurait pu utiliser. Au cours des années, sa technique évolue de plus en plus vers l’impressionnisme à l’huile et à l’aquarelle, alors même que le mouvement lui-même cède la place au postimpressionnisme et au fauvisme. Au cours de son séjour en Europe, il a continué à privilégier les scènes de rue et de chevaux, évitant certaines des autres représentations préférées des impressionnistes, comme l’opéra, le cabaret, le théâtre et la navigation de plaisance. Il a également peint des scènes de jardin et de «fille aux fleurs», certaines mettant en scène sa femme, dont « Géraniums ». L’objectif principal de Hassam resterait à jamais «l’humanité en mouvement». Pendant les étés, il travaillait dans un lieu impressionniste plus typique, comme Appledore fréquentant le salon de la poète Celia Thaxter et y peignait  le jardin fleuri de la poétesse, son salon dans La Chambre des Fleurs, le paysage rocheux et certaines scènes d’intérieur rendues avec ses coups de pinceau les plus impressionnistes à ce jour.

Traversant une période difficile lors de la crise économique générale de 1896, Hassam décide de retourner en Europe. D’abord, il navigue vers Naples, puis vers Rome et Florence où il a passé du temps dans les galeries et les églises à étudier les maîtres anciens. Il a continué à produire des peintures avec une palette très légère. Avec le groupe « Ten » il a exposé à la galerie Durand-Ruel, mais les critiques ont rejeté son nouveau travail comme “expérimental” et “tout à fait incompréhensible”. Bien que toujours intéressé à inclure des personnages dans ses peintures urbaines, ses nouvelles œuvres d’été réalisées à la Nouvelle-Angleterre montrent une attention croissante aux paysages et aux bâtiments purs. Ses couleurs devenaient plus pâles et plus proches de celles de Monet et de nombreux spectateurs les trouvaient troublantes et insondables. En 1900, il peint la construction d’une goélette, premier navire à être construit à Provencetown en un quart de siècle. Après une brève période de dépression et de d’alcoolisme, il a ressenti un rajeunissement spirituel et artistique et il a peint des sujets néoclassiques, y compris des nus en extérieur. Fatigué de la vie citadine, ses sujets urbains ont diminué, car les métros animés, les trains surélevés et les bus à moteur supplantaient la grâce des scènes tirées par des chevaux qu’il aimait tant capturer autrefois. Les manoirs majestueux ont cédé la place aux gratte-ciel, qui, a-t-il admis, avaient leur propre attrait artistique « s’ils sont en groupe avec leurs contours en zigzag se dressant contre le ciel».

Entre 1904 et 1908, il s’est fait appeler «le Marco Polo des peintres» à cause de ses multiples voyages durant lesquels il a réalisé plus de 100 toiles du Haut Désert, de la côte accidentée, des Cascades, des scènes de Portland, et même des nus dans des paysages idéalisés. Comme à son habitude, il a adapté son style et ses couleurs au sujet et à l’ambiance du lieu, mais toujours dans la veine impressionniste.

Dans les années 1920, Hassam commença une série de peintures de «vitrines», mettant généralement en vedette un modèle féminin contemplatif devant une fenêtre éclairée à rideaux comme dans The Goldfish Window. Au cours de cette période, il est également revenu aux aquarelles et aux huiles de scènes côtières, comme en témoigne The South Ledges, Appledore, qui utilise une division inhabituellement équilibrée de la mer et des roches en diagonale sur une toile presque carrée, donnant un poids égal à la mer et à la terre, l’eau et la roche.

Dans sa vie tardive, il a produit La série Flag exposée à La Maison Blanche. Il a commencé ceux-ci en 1916 quand il a été inspiré par une « Preparedness Parade », tenue sur la Cinquième Avenue à New York. Fervent francophile, d’ascendance anglaise et fortement antiallemand, il a même envisagé de se porter volontaire pour enregistrer la guerre en Europe, mais le gouvernement n’a pas approuvé le voyage. Sa toile « The Avenue in the Rain » a été accrochée au mur du bureau ovale en 2009, alors qu’elle faisait partie de la collection permanente de la Maison Blanche depuis l’administration Kennedy et les drapeaux et leurs reflets y sont tellement flous qu’ils semblent être vus sous la pluie. Dans la plupart des tableaux de la série, les drapeaux dominent le premier plan, tandis que dans d’autres comme celles de Claude Monet, les drapeaux font simplement partie du panorama festif. Hassam y fait une déclaration patriotique sans référence ouverte aux défilés, aux soldats et à la guerre. En 1920, il a reçu la médaille d’or d’honneur pour l’ensemble de ses réalisations de la Pennsylvania Academy. Il a dénoncé les tendances modernes de l’art jusqu’à la fin de sa vie, et il a qualifié de “fous d’art” tous les peintres, critiques, collectionneurs et marchands qui ont pris le train en marche et ont promu le cubisme, le surréalisme et d’autres mouvements d’avant-garde.

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