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Iconographie: l’icône russe.

L’art pictural a de tout temps accompagné l’Homme depuis son apparition sur Terre. Aux premiers temps, nos ancêtres racontaient leur quotidien à travers de superbes fresques peintes avec des couleurs élémentaires créées à partir de plantes et de fleurs cueillies au passage.     

Cette tradition artistique a connu des courants et des écoles qui l’ont fait évoluer à travers les siècles, sans toutefois trahir le but de la peinture : éterniser le quotidien de l’Homme et de son époque.   

Aujourd’hui, on va découvrir ensemble les chefs-d’œuvre de l’iconographie russe, car elle constitue un monde divers de styles et d’écoles. 

D’après la légendé, l’auteur de la première icône fut Saint Luc. Il aurait réalisé le portrait, d’après nature, de la Sainte Vierge avec l’enfant Jésus dans ses bras. Mais, à cette époque, on ne peut pas parler d’icône au sens propre du terme. On a pu créer sans doute des images de saints, mais dans le style de portrait romain. Les icônes les plus anciennes que l’on connait datent du VIème siècle. Toutes, à l’exception de quatre, ont été transportées à Kiev par l’archimandrite Ouspenski au XIXème siècle et se trouvent actuellement au monastère de Sainte Catherine.

Quant aux premières icônes russes, elles remontent au Xème siècle, quand la Russie a choisi l’Orthodoxie c.à.d. quand le prince Vladimir a été baptisé par des missionnaires grecs en 988. Les XIème et XIIème siècles sont caractérisés par la présence d’un grand nombre de peintres grecs à Kiev, la capitale de la Russie à l’époque dont le plus renommé fut Olympii.

Au XIème siècle fut construite la cathédrale de Sainte Sophie à Kiev. Richement décorée de mosaïques et de fresques par les peintres grecs et leurs enlevés russes, elle constitue des modèles les plus significatifs de ce siècle.

A la même époque fut réalisée l’icône de Saint Georges, commandée par le prince Yraslav le Sage dont le nom de baptême était Georges, et dont l’auteur présumé est l’un des artistes employés pour les travaux de Sainte Sophie.

Parmi les chefs-d’œuvre du XIIème siècle, il faut citer « Saint Nicolas avec les saints » et « L’ange aux cheveux d’or » très aimé des croyants. Cette icône se caractérise par son aspect typiquement russe. L’archange est remarquable par son expression douce et mélancolique que lui confèrent de grands yeux amande et l’inclinaison de sa tête.

En 1240, les hordes mongoles envahirent le pays et les conséquences sont lourdes non seulement pour l’art mais toute la vie s’arrêta soudain : les icônes de cette époque s’en imprègnent (les visages des saints sont étonnamment sévères et ascétiques, la beauté classique disparait et langage artistique devint laconique). Un goût prononcé pour le linéaire, la simplicité de la composition et la vivacité des couleurs qui renonce aux nuances, est à souligner. Et ce brusque changement de style ne peut être attribué à la sévérité de la vie russe sous l’occupation, mais plutôt à la mentalité russe qui refait surface dès que la culture méditerranéenne devient inaccessible.

Par contre, à Novogorod qui a échappé à l’invasion, la tradition artistique ne s’interrompit pas : nombre d’icônes magnifiques comme « Le Prophète Elie » et « Saint Georges à cheval » furent produites entre le XIIIème et Le XVème siècle.

Dans la principauté de Vladimir Sousdal, une école de peinture voit le jour et un chef-d’œuvre, appartenant à cette école, représente les saints russes Boris et Gleb, armés de leurs épées : cette image de saints en position frontale sur fond coloré ou doré, caractérise bien le style épique du XIIIème siècle.

Les icônes les plus remarquables de cette époque sont le « Saint-Sauveur sur le trône », « Saint Jean Climaque », «Saint Georges » et « Saint Vlasii » frappantes par leurs tensions intérieures et la concentration des regards des personnages.

« La Trinité »  est l’une des rares œuvres datant du XIVème siècle et qui a pu survivre au temps, elle se trouve actuellement à la cathédrale Ouspenskii du kremlin. Claire et belle, elle inspire un sentiment d’espérance et d’optimisme qui se réfère à l’harmonie classique de la Renaissance byzantine. Aussi, faut-il évoquer «  La Sainte Vierge Donskaia » du grand Théophane le Grec, où tout est fondé sur l’harmonie du corps, de la forme et même du tissu. La lumière intérieure et la gaieté des couleurs traduisent le bonheur divin. Des visages des personnages émanent le calme et la bonté éclaires par l’amour qu’a la Vierge pour l’enfant Jésus.

La douceur des tons lumineux et délicats, la grâce et la pureté des lignes et l’harmonie de la composition, traits essentiels de l’art au XIVème siècle sont malheureusement oubliées à cause d’un moine du nom de Yosif Volozkii. Ce dernier était superficiel et mondain. Il enrichissait les monastères et les églises de décorations somptueuses et payait généreusement les peintres qui exécutaient des icônes à son goût : aristocratiques, raffinées mais qui ne reflètent aucune réflexion religieuse (charité, pauvreté, bonté, piété et surtout amour du Divin).

Hélas, l’Eglise russe l’a suivi, ce qui se refléta tragiquement sur la vie spirituelle et la peinture iconographique. Le seul peintre qui a pu échapper aux nouvelles exigences, fut Dionisii qui peint de superbes portraits de saints patriarches russes.

A la fin du XVIème siècle nait alors l’école de Stroganov qui se réputa pour sa recherche de l’effet décoratifs, du maniérisme et de la minutie du détail ; ce qui fit que l’icône évolua vers la surcharge, la miniaturisation, l’abondance des détails et la multiplication des personnages et qu’on retrouve chez les frères Tcherine.

Enfin, l’icône au vrai sens du mot a vu son époque florissante se terminer au XVème siècle malgré les efforts de certains artistes qui, dans de rares cas, ont réalisé des œuvres admirables suivant l’ancienne tradition qui se considère être la vraie tradition de l’art religieux.                        

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About Carole

Journalist, media consultant, script write, founder & owner of www.a5barimonjournal.com

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