Sous le patronage du ministre de la Santé publique Dr. Jamil Jabak, la Faculté de Médecine à l’Université Saint-Joseph (USJ) et le service de Cardiologie de l’Hôtel-Dieu de France (HDF), en collaboration avec Sanofi, ont organisé une conférence de presse intitulée «L’impact mondial des nouvelles recommandations Européennes et Américaines sur l’hypertension : une perspective Libanaise ».
Marquant la Journée mondiale contre l’hypertension, l’évènement a mis en exergue les nouvelles recommandations sur l’hypertension par l’Association Américaine de Cardiologie/ Société Américaine de Cardiologie et par la Société Européenne de Cardiologie/ Société Européenne d’hypertension, publiées en 2017 et 2018 respectivement. Les nouvelles recommandations ont introduit des nouveautés significatives ayant un impact important sur la prévalence et le taux de contrôle de l’hypertension dans le monde. Toutefois, les divergences entre ces recommandations ont posé d’importants défis pour les pays en dehors des États-Unis et de l’Europe, surtout là où il n’existe pas de recommandations locales sur l’hypertension, comme c’est le cas au Liban.
Présidée par le professeur Mohamad Haidar, représentant du Ministre de la Santé Publique Dr. Jamil Jabak, le professeur Roland Tomb, doyen de la Faculté de Médecine à l’USJ, par le professeur Antoine Sarkis, président de la Société Libanaise de Cardiologie et par le professeur Rabih Azar, Chef du service de Cardiologie à l’HDF, la rencontre a discuté des nouveautés d’une perspective Libanaise. La Société de Cardiologie fait face au dilemme de savoir quelles recommandations suivre, surtout que de nombreux cardiologues Libanais ont suivi des formations avancées soit aux États-Unis, soit en Europe.
Les nouveautés couvrent trois points principaux. Premièrement, la définition de l’hypertension par les recommandations Américaines est devenue de 130/80 mm Hg et au-delà, alors que les recommandations Européennes maintiennent la définition de l’hypertension à 140/90 mm Hg et au-delà. La deuxième nouveauté est dans la définition du contrôle. Les recommandations Américaines préconisent d’atteindre une pression artérielle inférieure à 130/80 mm Hg pour tous les patients, alors que les recommandations Européennes préconisent une valeur de moins de 140/90 mm Hg en
fonction des situations, avec l’objectif de descendre en dessous de 130/80 mm Hg pour les patients ayant moins de 65 ans. Enfin, les deux écoles recommandent l’utilisation d’une thérapie combinée en une seule pilule comme traitement de première intention pour les patients ayant une pression artérielle de plus de 140/90 mm Hg.
De son côté, le professeur Antoine Sarkis, président de la Société libanaise de Cardiologie, a expliqué : « Nous poussons les autorités Libanaises à évaluer l’impact de ces recommandations sur la prévalence et le contrôle du taux d’hypertension. Sur base des dernières études nationales conduites en 2015 à l’USJ et à l’HDF, une personne sur trois est atteinte d’hypertension au Liban. Seuls 50% des patients suivent un traitement et seule la moitié de ces patients suivant un traitement a leur pression artérielle contrôlée. Cela signifie que la pression artérielle n’est contrôlée que sur un patient sur quatre. L’étude a opté pour 140/90 mm Hg comme définition de l’hypertension et pour une définition du contrôle visant à réduire la tension artérielle à moins de 140/90 mm Hg. Aujourd’hui, avec la différence de définition entre les recommandations Américaines et Européennes, nous avons besoin de réévaluer la situation locale afin de nous mettre d’accord sur la définition de l’hypertension à partir d’une perspective locale, cette décision ayant un impact majeur sur l’ensemble du système de santé ».
Commentant la nouvelle étude, le professeur Rabih Azar, Chef du service de Cardiologie de l’HDF, a expliqué : « En fonction des résultats de l’étude menée en 2015, si nous décidons d’appliquer la nouvelle définition Américaine de l’hypertension au Liban, la majorité des Libanais serait considérée comme souffrant d’hypertension. Prenant en considération notre « culture », nous sentons que cela aurait paradoxalement pour effet de banaliser la maladie, parce que ‘Tout le monde en souffre’. Les chiffres nous montrent ainsi que 58% de la population serait considérés comme atteinte d’hypertension, 68% des hommes et 45% des femmes. De plus, identifier les individus avec une pression artérielle entre 130-139 mm Hg et/ou 80-89 mm Hg dépasse nos ressources limitées ; même si nous réussissons à les convaincre de suivre une thérapie, cela n’aboutirait pas en des résultats cardiovasculaires significatifs ».
Le professeur Azar a conclu : « C’est pourquoi, à ce stade, au Liban, il est préférable de suivre les recommandations Européennes et de définir l’hypertension à 140/90 mm Hg et au-delà, et de focaliser sur le court terme sur ceux qui ne sont pas conscients d’être atteints d’hypertension, de les pousser à faire un diagnostic et de les mettre sous traitement, afin de contrôler leur pression artérielle et d’éviter des complications indésirables».
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