Aujourd’hui, je voudrais bien parler de l’anorexie mentale qui touche 0,3% de la population féminine avec une mortalité élevée (entre 5,1 et 13%). Elle toucherait 10 fois plus les femmes que les hommes.
Ce fléau fait partie des troubles de l’alimentation ou des troubles du comportement alimentaire tout comme la boulimie et l’hyperphagie : la personne qui souffre d’anorexie mène un combat acharné et dangereux contre toute prise de poids. L’appétit est la plupart du temps conservé mais la personne lutte contre le besoin et le désir de s’alimenter. Elle est la victime de nombreuses peurs irraisonnées pouvant s’apparenter à de véritables phobies en lien avec les conséquences de s’alimenter, comme prendre du poids ou devenir obèse. Le résultat est une restriction alimentaire obstinée et souvent dangereuse car la personne perd progressivement du poids mais la satisfaction qu’elle ressent est éphémère et elle recherche rapidement à reperdre du poids ; la perception qu’elle a de son corps est déformée, on parle de dysmorphophobie. Ces comportements inadaptés vont induire des complications médicales plus ou moins graves (malaises, attaques de panique, aménorrhée….) et vont amener la personne à s’isoler socialement.
Les causes exactes à l’origine de l’apparition de ce trouble sont complexes et souvent intriquées. Elles peuvent être génétiques, neuroendocriniens, psychologiques, familiales et sociales.
Bien qu’aucun gène n’ait été clairement identifié, mais des études faites dans des familles où l’un de ses membres féminin souffre d’anorexie, prouvent qu’il y a 4 fois plus de risques qu’une autre femme de cette famille soit atteinte par ce trouble que dans une famille « saine ».
Une autre étude menée sur des jumelles identiques (monozygotes) montre que si une des deux jumelles souffre d’anorexie, il y a 56% de chance pour que sa jumelle soit également atteinte. Cette probabilité passe à 5% s’il s’agit de jumelles différentes (dizygotes).
D’autres études impliquent un déficit hormonal semble être en jeu dans cette maladie. La baisse d’une hormone (LH-RH) impliquée dans la régulation de la fonction ovarienne est mise en avant. Toutefois, ce déficit s’observe lorsqu’il y a une perte de poids et le taux de LH-RH revient à la normale avec la reprise de poids. Ce trouble semblerait donc être une conséquence de l’anorexie plutôt qu’une cause.
De plus des recherches ont mis en avant un dysfonctionnement de la sérotonine, une substance qui assure le passage du message nerveux entre les neurones. Elle est notamment impliquée dans la stimulation du centre de la satiété.
Sur le plan psychologique, des études ont fait le lien entre l’apparition d’une anorexie mentale et une estime de soi négative (sentiment d’inefficacité et d’incompétence) ainsi qu’un grand besoin de perfectionnisme.
L’anorexie touche souvent de jeunes personnes qui évitent des situations de danger même très faible et qui sont très dépendantes du jugement d’autrui. Les spécialistes évoquent souvent un rejet du corps comme objet sexuel. Ces adolescentes souhaitent inconsciemment restées de petites filles et auraient des difficultés pour se construire une identité et à acquérir de l’autonomie et les troubles engendrés par les troubles des conduites alimentaires mettent à mal le corps qui « régresse » (absence des menstruations, perte des formes avec la baisse de poids, …).
Les victimes les plus affectées par l’anorexie appartiennent à La Personnalité évitante (inhibition sociale, sentiment de ne pas être à la hauteur, hypersensibilité au jugement négatif d’autrui…), La Personnalité dépendante (besoin excessif d’être protégé, peur de la séparation,…) et La Personnalité obsessionnelle (perfectionnisme, contrôle, rigidité, souci des détails, attitude scrupuleuse,…).
Les études mettent en avant des pensées automatiques négatives conduisant à de fausses croyances souvent présentes chez les anorexiques et les boulimiques telles que « la minceur est un gage de bonheur » ou « toute prise de graisse est mauvaise ».
L’anorexie est surtout une pathologie qui touche davantage la population des pays industrialisés. Les critères sociaux de beauté véhiculés par les jeunes mannequins au corps particulièrement mince et presque asexué, influencent largement nos adolescents en quête d’identité. Le culte de la minceur est omniprésent dans les médias qui nous « vendent » sans cesse une profusion de régimes miracles et prônent bien souvent à longueur de couverture de magazine un contrôle du poids avant, pendant et après les fêtes et les vacances d’été.
Le test EAT-26 permet de dépister les personnes susceptibles de souffrir de troubles des conduites alimentaires. Il s’agit d’un questionnaire de 26 items que le patient renseigne seul puis remet à un professionnel qui l’analyse. Les questions vont permettre d’interroger la présence et la fréquence des diètes, des comportements compensatoires et le contrôle que la personne exerce sur son comportement alimentaire.
Les principales complications de l’anorexie sont les désordres physiologiques plus ou moins graves induits par l’amaigrissement.
Chez les
enfants souffrant d’anorexie, l’amaigrissement sévère peut être à l’origine
d’un retard de croissance.
Les restrictions alimentaires peuvent induire une fonte musculaire, une anémie,
une hypotension, un ralentissement cardiaque et une baisse du taux de calcium
pouvant provoquer de l’ostéoporose. De plus, la plupart des personnes
anorexiques sont en aménorrhée (absence de règles).
Les vomissements répétés peuvent entraîner des maux divers tels que : l’érosion
de l’émail des dents, une inflammation de l’œsophage, un gonflement des glandes
salivaires et une baisse du taux de potassium pouvant provoquer des troubles du
rythme voire une insuffisance cardiaque.
La prise de laxatifs provoque elle aussi de nombreux troubles parmi lesquels on
peut observer une atonie intestinale (manque de tonicité du tube digestif)
provoquant une constipation, une déshydratation, des œdèmes et même une baisse
du taux de sodium pouvant conduire à une insuffisance rénale.
Enfin, la plus grave et la plus tragique des complications de l’anorexie
mentale reste la mort par complications ou suicide qui touchent principalement
les personnes anorexiques chroniques.
Plus
l’anorexie est détectée tôt et prise en charge précocement, meilleure est le
pronostic. Ainsi pris en charge, les symptômes disparaissent dans la plupart
des cas sur une période de 5 à 6 ans après le début.
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