Pour sauver son compte bancaire en devises étrangères, un de mes amis a pensé faire une bonne affaire en s’achetant une paire de fauteuils Louis XIV. Bien qu’il ait eu recours à un (soi-disant) professionnel en matière de meubles antiques, il fut bel et bien escroqué ; l’arnaque a été bien menée.
Pourtant, il aurait pu éviter cette manœuvre frauduleuse seulement s’il possédait expertises lui permettant de reconnaitre un meuble identique d’une excellente copie récente.
Dans le monde des meubles anciens, huit à neuf notions peuvent aider un acheteur avisé à enrayer toutes sortes de larcins.
1-Le style d’un meuble peut être reconnu par ses bronzes c.à.d. les éléments en métal doré ou argenté recouvrant le meuble. Cela inclut les garnitures de laiton, d’argent, d’acier nickel. Ces éléments de métal ont pour la plupart un rôle pratique. A l’origine, les chutes d’angle, les cornières et les sabots de pieds assuraient la protection des bois contre l’usure et les chocs. Souvent, dans les meubles d’exception, le bronze est fondu spécialement pour la forme à couvrir. A l’opposé, les meubles de série utilisent des bronzes très standardisés et de facture moyenne.
2-Un vieux meuble présente toujours des signes d’usure due à une utilisation répétée et à l’attaque des parasites comme les vers de bois. Une patine s’est déposée au fil du temps suite à un entretien à la cire, à l’encaustique ou au simple dépôt de crasse. Certains vendeurs fourbes fabriquent de faux trous de vers pour donner l’illusion du bois ancien : ils criblent le meuble à l’aide d’une carabine à plomb chargée avec de la cendrée. Les fausses galeries sont plutôt fabriquées à l’aide d’un marteau clouté ou d’une pointe fine.
Cet artifice se détecte en enfonçant une aiguille dans le trou. Si l’aiguille s’enfonce de plus d’un ou deux millimètres et l’angle reste perpendiculaire, alors le trou est artificiel. Notons que parfois les plus habiles fraudeurs ont collé du vieux bois vermoulu sur des bâtis neufs.
3-Les meubles anciens sont fabriqués artisanalement ; les traces d’outils laissées lors de la fabrication de meuble en bois aident à déterminer son époque de construction. Une scie circulaire électrique produit des traces bien différentes de celles d’un rabot à main utilisé au XVIIIe siècle. Avant le milieu du XIXe siècle, le mobilier est fabriqué à la main par les artisans et les ébénistes. Ils utilisent généralement les mêmes moules et gabarits.
4-La quincaillerie d’un meuble ancien est différente de celle utilisée de nos jours. Les clous du tapissier et les serrures anciennes n’ont plus la même forme. Le tourillon et l’équerre ont remplacé la cheville et la ferrure ancienne. La colle à bois est omniprésente. Un meuble fabriqué industriellement est postérieur à la seconde moitié du XIXe siècle, généralement, ses découpes mécaniques apparaissent régulières, lisses et parfaitement plates. Parfois les assemblages sont simplement collés ou justes maintenus par des vis. Au contraire, un assemblage traditionnel réalisé par exemple en queue d’aronde peut indiquer un meuble ancien du XIXe siècle ou avant.
5-« Meuble de style » se réfère à une production ancienne, généralement du XVIIIe siècle et de la première moitié du XIXe siècle. Chaque meuble d’un même style a en commun les mêmes formes, les mêmes caractéristiques de fabrication et le même répertoire ornemental. Généralement, on imagine ce mobilier issu d’une production artisanale de qualité, construit en bois massif sculpté ou décoré de marqueterie, avec des formes très typées. Son aspect de bois patiné et vieilli semble même parfois vieillot et dépassé, devenant une sorte de meuble de grand-mère. On peut l’observer chez les antiquaires, dans les ventes aux enchères ou dans les musées. L’homogénéité stylistique des meubles d’une même époque était dictée par un artiste influent ou par une mode. Par exemple, Charles Le Brun, directeur de l’Académie royale, dirigeait et contrôlait le style Louis XIV. Durant l’Empire de Napoléon 1er, les architectes et ornemanistes Percier et Fontaine imposèrent leur style à travers la publication de recueils. Il s’agit d’une copie de meuble d’époque. Certains styles de meuble, comme le Louis XVI, sont plus faciles à copier. On les retrouve ainsi en plus grand nombre sur le marché.
Il faut distinguer deux catégories de meuble de style: les meubles de style d’ébénisterie, fabriqués sur commande, leur qualité d’exécution et leur fidèle reproduction leur confère un cachet immédiat et une valorisation certaine sur le long terme, l’artisan utilise les mêmes techniques et matériaux que le meuble d’époque: merisier, chêne, noyer, acajou ou hêtre pour les sièges. L’assemblage, le ponçage, la teinture, le cirage sont manuels. Les sculptures de caractères sont réalisées à la gouge, le vernis au tampon alors que les meubles de style de série dont la production débute dès la fin du XIXème siècle, ont des formes générales du meuble d’époque, mais les lignes se simplifient. Les motifs de décoration deviennent plus grossiers, moins détaillés et se standardisent, les techniques industrielles de découpage à la machine, ponçage, vernissage au pistolet remplacent le travail manuel de l’artisan.
6-Les pieds des meubles jouent un grand rôle dans la reconnaissance d’un meuble ancien, ils subirent dans l’histoire des arts décoratifs, des modifications caractéristiques dans leur forme : par exemple, les pieds des meubles égyptiens représentent des pieds d’animaux. Le meuble repose sur quatre pieds correspondant à la disposition d’un animal dans le sens de la marche, chez les Romains de l’antiquité, les pieds restent souvent droits et formés de maigres balustres à disques ou boules superposées, l’art byzantin emploie souvent des boules comme pieds.
7-Le meuble d’époque est un meuble fabriqué pendant l’époque correspondant au nom du style en cours. Ils sont rares, chers et souvent trop fragiles pour une utilisation courante.
8-Le marbre d’un guéridon, d’un buffet à gibier, d’une console, d’une commode, d’un chiffonnier, d’une table de toilette ou d’un secrétaire de style donne une très bonne indication sur l’époque et le style du meuble. Les premiers marbres d’ameublement de style datent du XVIIe siècle et un peu avant en Italie. Ils ont une fonction plus esthétique que pratique. Au XVIIIe siècle, seuls les meubles d’ébénisterie, de la noblesse et des riches aristocrates possèdent des plateaux en marbre. Dès le milieu du XIXe siècle apparaissent les marbres à fonction hygiénique, notamment sur les tables de toilettes et à l’intérieur des chevets où l’on range le pot de chambre. Les anciens marbres ne sont jamais solidaires du meuble mais simplement posés sur le haut du bâti. Un marbre d’origine donne beaucoup de valeur au meuble comparé à un marbre rapporté, c’est-à-dire ne correspondant pas à la forme et à l’époque du meuble. Avec le temps, les anciens marbres se raréfient à cause des risques de casse, d’ébréchage ou de vol.
9-Les meubles anciens d’ébénisterie possèdent parfois une signature ou estampille. Elle fut obligatoire à partir de 1743 afin de contrôler le travail de l’ébéniste et de percevoir les taxes dues. Elle sera supprimée à la révolution, cependant certains maîtres continueront à signer leur travail pour l’identifier et le distinguer des nombreuses copies ou productions courantes. Sur certains meubles royaux, on trouve aussi les marques de château ou d’emblème, frappées au fer chaud. Il s’agit d’une surcote en forme de couronne, de fleur de lys, etc.
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