Le rubis est la variété rouge de la famille minérale du corindon. Sa couleur est causée principalement par la présence d’oxyde de chrome(les autres variétés de corindon sont appelées saphirs). Le rubis est classé comme pierre gemme en joaillerie. Il a une dureté de 9 sur l’échelle de Mohs.
La valeur marchande d’un rubis dépend de plusieurs facteurs : ses dimensions, sa couleur, sa pureté et sa taille. Tous les rubis naturels possèdent des inclusions, seuls les rubis synthétiques peuvent donner l’impression d’être parfaits. Plus ces inclusions sont rares et infimes, plus la pierre a de valeur. C’est, avec les diamants de couleur, la pierre précieuse qui peut atteindre des prix des plus élevés.
Les rubis sont extraits dans des mines, en Afrique, en Asie, en Australie, et dans certains États américains tels que le Montana et la Caroline du Sud. Les principaux gisements se trouvent en Birnabie (90 % de la production mondiale), au Mozambique ainsi qu’au Sri Lanka et Masagascar.
Le plus grand gisement se trouvait à Mong Hsu, au nord-est de la Birmanie. Les cristaux issus de Mong Hsu sont bicolores à l’état naturel : un centre noirâtre et des parois externes d’un rouge vif. Leur utilisation en joaillerie resta limitée jusqu’à la découverte d’un traitement thermique permettant l’effacement de la couleur noire du centre, laissant uniquement le rouge de la périphérie.
En 1902, le français Auguste Verneuil produisit un rubis synthétique par fusion de poudre d’oxyde d’aluminium avec un colorant rouge. Comme toutes les pierres précieuses, le rubis est utilisé dans la joaillerie.
Il est largement utilisé dans l’horlogerie, pour la fabrication des paliers, qui supportent les pivots des axes du rouage en acier, à cause des frottements extrêmement réduits du métal sur la pierre.
On l’utilise pour la fabrication de meules, seul ou en combinaison avec du corindon blanc (grain mixe dur et tendre) pour la rectification de pièce cémentée ou trempée, avec le seul inconvénient de fatiguer le diamant que l’on utilise pour régénérer le grain de cette dernière.
Des petits rubis étaient auparavant utilisés dans les multimètres analogiques afin d’avoir un élément mobile avec le moins de frottements possibles, sources d’erreur lors de la lecture de ces multimètres.
Le premier laser à rubis fut construit en 1960 et cette technique fut employée dans son industrie dès 1965.
Les noces de rubis symbolisent les 35 ans de mariage dans le folklore français. Cette pierre précieuse symbolise le mois de juillet.
Le rubis fut la pierre la plus précieuse dans l’ancien temps. On lui confère le mythe dans lequel le rubis représenterait le sang du Christ dans les sociétés chrétiennes. Elle était la pierre précieuse qui ornait les anneaux cardinalices.
Les rubis les plus célèbres sont: Le rubis de la couronne de saint Wenceslas : un rubis non taillé de 250 carats environ, conservé à la cathédrale Saint-Guy de Prague, le rubis Hixon est un cristal brut de rubis de 196 carats, il est conservé dans la collection de minéraux du muséum d’Histoire naturelle de Los Angeles, le rubis Maung Lin était un rubis de 400 carats qui a été découpé en trois parties, le rubis de la Paix: découvert en Birmanie le 30 juin 1919 (deux jours après la signature du Traité de Versailles, il est rond, pèse 25 carats et sa couleur est “sang de pigeon”. Il est aujourd’hui exposé au Muséum d’Histoire naturelle de New York.
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