Cette année 2020 a été tragique pour le Liban, surtout cet été : Beyrouth a été quasi détruite par l’insouciance, la voracité, la cupidité et l’indifférence des dirigeants du pays. Et pour comble de malheur, l’un des bâtiments, des plus modernes et des plus inaccoutumés du centre-ville de la capitale, a pris feu mystérieusement ; l’immeuble était conçu par Zaha Hadid dont le style suivait les lois inédites du courant déconstructiviste.
Entre parenthèses, le courant déconstructiviste est un mouvement artistique architectural conçu par le théoricien Jacques Derrida. C’est un mouvement contemporain qui s’oppose à la rationalité ordonnée de l’architecture moderne, mais avec une part complètement opposée puisque le déconstructivisme assume pleinement la rupture avec l’histoire, la société, le site, les traditions techniques et figuratives. Il revendique des idées de fragmentation et de polarité négative, qu’il associe à des processus de design non linéaire, et pousse à l’extrême des thèmes de l’architecture moderne comme l’opposition entre structure et enveloppe, entre plancher et mur, et ainsi de suite. Cependant, les critiques de la déconstruction le voient comme un exercice purement formel qui se fait au détriment de la vie sociale. Il semble a priori absurde, voire contradictoire, de vouloir déconstruire ce qui appartient au domaine de la construction.
Zaha Hadid a bien suivi les règlements de ce courant, c’est pourquoi ses réalisations sont déterminées par une imprédictibilité stimulante et un chaos contrôlé. Les bâtiments qu’elle a réalisés, sont considérés comme l’accomplissement et l’aboutissement de toute une démarche de travail. Ces édifices qui semblent avoir subi des secousses telluriques sont bien le résultat d’un travail pensé de la part de l’architecte.
Apparemment déraisonnables, ses créations architecturales se caractérisent par leurs murs penchés, leurs sols inclinés, leurs poteaux de biais et leurs fenêtres inclinées.
Le bâtiment qui a pris feu à Beyrouth est le reflet de cette ingéniosité ; le mouvement des lignes qui s’entrecroisent, suit le même registre de formes non conventionnelles et déstabilisantes pour présenter des tendances très proches venant de différentes parties du monde occidental. On peut y découvrir une nouvelle post modernité puisant aux sources du modernisme. L’explosion de formes reflète la liberté et la virtuosité de Zaha Hadid capable de faire naître des œuvres aussi fortes, tant sur le plan plastique qu’intellectuel car ce projet a la capacité de déranger notre façon de penser les formes et leurs fonctions: les murs, leur disposition et leurs différentes formes remettent en question la division des espaces intérieurs et extérieurs. La géométrie s’avère être plus complexe et la notion de protection ou de cloisonnement que procurent une pièce ou un ensemble bâti en est dérangée. La fermeture n’est pas simplement remplacée par l’ouverture du plan libre moderne, mais le mur est mis en tension, déchiré, plié. Il ne procure plus la sensation de sécurité en partageant le familier de l’étranger ou l’intérieur de l’extérieur, mais toute la notion de clôture ou d’enceinte est décomposée.
Enfin, les entrelacs de lignes tendues et de courbes, les angles aigus, les plans superposés ont donné à cette création complexité et légèreté.
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