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Trois visions de l’intelligence

Historiquement, la première approche d’étude du développement cognitif ou de l’intelligence s’est centrée sur les différences individuelles. Le fait incontestable est que les gens diffèrent par leur capacité intellectuelle, leur capacité à se souvenir des listes pour l’épicerie, la rapidité avec laquelle ils résolvent les problèmes, le nombre de mots qu’ils peuvent définir et leur capacité à analyser des situations complexes. Lorsque nous disons que quelqu’un est « brillant » ou « très intelligent », nous parlons simplement de ces compétences, et notre étiquette est basée sur l’hypothèse que nous pouvons classer les personnes selon leur degré de « brillance ». C’est précisément cette hypothèse qui a conduit au développement des tests d’intelligence, conçus simplement pour nous donner un moyen de mesurer ces différences individuelles de puissance intellectuelle.

Cette définition « puissance » de l’intelligence renvoyait également à une approche psychométrique, en vigueur depuis de nombreuses années. Mais, ceci ne traite pas du fait tout aussi incontestable que « l’intelligence se développe ». Si vous donnez à un enfant de 5 ans une liste mentale de choses à ne pas oublier d’acheter à l’épicerie, il aura du mal à se souvenir de quelques-uns d’entre eux et il n’utilisera pas beaucoup de bonnes stratégies pour aider sa mémoire, comme répéter le répertorier ou organiser les éléments en groupes. Un enfant de 8 ans se souviendrait de plus de choses et répéterait probablement la liste dans sa tête, alors qu’il se rendait au magasin.

Le fait que l’intelligence se développe de cette manière constitue le fondement de la deuxième grande tradition dans l’étude du développement cognitif, l’approche développementale cognitive de Jean Piaget et de ses nombreux disciples. Piaget s’est concentré sur le développement des structures cognitives plutôt que sur la puissance intellectuelle, sur les modèles de développement communs à tous les enfants plutôt que sur les différences individuelles.

Ces deux traditions se côtoient depuis quelques années déjà, un peu comme des voisins peu amicaux qui se sourient vaguement lorsqu’ils se rencontrent mais ne se retrouvent jamais autour d’un café. Un troisième point de vue, appelé l’approche du traitement de l’information, qui intègre au moins partiellement les deux premiers. Les partisans de ce troisième point de vue soulignent l’importance des processus ou stratégies sous-jacents qui toute activité cognitive. Quels sont les blocs de construction ou les éléments de base, ces processus de base, nous pouvons alors poser des questions à la fois sur le développement et sur les différences individuelles : ces processus de base changent-ils avec l’âge, et les gens diffèrent-ils dans leur vitesse ou leur capacité à les utiliser ? Cette troisième approche est vraiment le nouvel enfant du quartier.

Chacun de ces trois points de vue nous dit quelque chose d’utile et de différent sur l’intelligence, nous devons donc les examiner tous les trois pour pouvoir évaluer l’intelligence d’un individu. J’essaierai d’écrire d’autres articles où je parlerai des changements développementaux et les différences individuelles en me basant en premier sur le point de vue de Piaget sur les changements développementaux de la structure intellectuelle et sur le traitement de l’information.

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About Carole

Journalist, media consultant, script write, founder & owner of www.a5barimonjournal.com

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