Du temps où j’étais enseignante, j’avais un élève dont le comportement m’intriguait.
Il « était toujours ailleurs », comme le répétait une de mes collègues en le mimant, pour le vanner et faire rire toute la salle des profs. À cette époque, j’étais trop jeune pour faire face à une intimidatrice et trop inexpérimentée pour comprendre l’autisme du pauvre garçon.
Tout ce que j’ai pu faire, c’est de conseiller sa mère, une femme simple et ignorante, à le placer dans un centre spécialisé. Malheureusement, elle l’inscrivit dans une autre école où il subit la même maltraitance. Des années plus tard, j’ai appris qu’il s’était donné la mort.
Une quête de réponses pour mieux comprendre l’autisme.
Depuis, je cherche des réponses à cette question qui me hante. Je les ai cherchées auprès de Docteur Randa El Barrage, spécialiste en psychologie clinique et membre du centre CPRM. Ma question était simple : c’est quoi l’autisme et pourquoi ?
L’autisme expliqué.
Dans sa clinique chaleureuse, elle m’a expliqué que l’autisme est un trouble du neurodéveloppement. Il apparaît dès la petite enfance, autour de l’âge de 3 ans.
Ses conséquences varient selon les individus, affectant l’autonomie, les interactions et la participation sociales. Plus le diagnostic est précoce, meilleures sont les chances d’intervenir efficacement.
Symptômes du spectre autistique.
Les manifestations de l’autisme varient considérablement. C’est pourquoi on parle de spectre de l’autisme. Voici les principaux signes :
- Difficultés dans la communication et les interactions sociales.
- Retrait social ou, à l’inverse, comportements sociaux inadaptés.
- Évitement du contact visuel.
- Difficulté à comprendre les émotions des autres.
- Retard ou troubles du langage, écholalies, comportements répétitifs.
- Résistance aux changements de routine.
- Hypersensibilité ou hyposensibilité sensorielle (sons, lumière, odeurs…).
- Troubles moteurs, cognitifs ou psychiatriques (anxiété, dépression, bipolarité…).
Des causes encore floues.
La cause de l’autisme reste inconnue. On sait que près de 1 % de la population mondiale est concernée. Environ 200 gènes y sont associés. Des facteurs environnementaux comme la prise de certains médicaments durant la grossesse peuvent aussi jouer un rôle.
L’autisme touche quatre fois plus de garçons que de filles. Dans les familles déjà concernées, le risque est plus élevé, surtout chez les vrais jumeaux. Pas de guérison, mais des prises en charge possibles.
Jusqu’à aujourd’hui, il n’existe aucun traitement médicamenteux pour guérir l’autisme.
Mais une combinaison d’interventions éducatives, cognitives, comportementales et développementales peut réduire les symptômes. L’objectif est de favoriser les aptitudes de la personne autiste et améliorer sa qualité de vie.
Une prise en charge symptomatique.
La prise en charge est symptomatique et nécessite des stratégies personnalisées comme:
- la rééducation orthophonique,
- la psychoéducation,
- la rééducation psychomotrice.
Ces approches sont plus efficaces quand elles sont commencées tôt dans le développement. Encore faut-il que les associations – surtout gouvernementales – soient impliquées. « Malheureusement, ceci est loin d’être le cas au Liban. On l’espère pour l’avenir. »
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