
Qui, en pénétrant dans une église orthodoxe ou catholique grecque, n’est pas profondément touché par l’atmosphère religieuse qui y règne ? Une odeur d’encens et de cire brûlée, des fresques multicolores rehaussées d’or, illuminées par les rayons du jour filtrant par la coupole centrale, nous emportent vers l’au-delà. Des figures plates, fictives, sans ombres, cadrées dans une fausse perspective, poussent le fidèle à se communier avec Dieu. Le secret de cette atmosphère unique réside dans l’icône byzantine, peinture portative de personnages sacrés que l’on retrouve dans toutes les églises byzantines.
Comprendre le mystère sacré de l’icône byzantine.

Pour mieux comprendre ce mystère sacré, j’ai rencontré l’iconographe Roger Gaby Marj dans son atelier à Jeita. Un espace douillet où une quinzaine d’icônes sont accrochées aux murs. Roger était installé devant l’une d’elles, en train de « l’écrire ». Car on ne peint pas une icône, on l’écrit. Il s’agit d’une illustration religieuse par son thème et sa signification. L’icône byzantine est la traduction en couleur des Écritures saintes. L’iconographe est donc un écrivain d’images, investi d’une mission autant théologique qu’artistique.
« L’icône religieuse a pour but de faire le lien entre le monde divin et le monde terrestre », explique Roger. Les premières remontent à l’époque des apôtres. Saint Luc est d’ailleurs considéré comme le premier iconographe. Les icônes grecques de la période byzantine sont parmi les œuvres les plus nombreuses de l’art chrétien Levantin.

Les règles strictes de la théologie de l’icône.
Roger précise que la théologie de l’icône impose des règles strictes. Elles sont inscrites dans des manuels spécialisés. Ces règles concernent les proportions, les couleurs, les postures et les types. L’iconographe doit les respecter avec rigueur. Pourtant, malgré cette rigueur, une sensibilité s’exprime dans les visages.
L’expression cultuelle prime sur la précision anatomique. Les pigments sont mélangés à du jaune d’œuf et du vinaigre. toutes les figures sont représentées à plat. De plus, les vêtements sont rigides, avec des plis nets et sévères. Les gestes sont figés. Chaque élément porte un sens profond. Il évoque un passage évangélique, un message spirituel ou une valeur chrétienne.

Ainsi, les yeux sont souvent agrandis. Ils symbolisent le regard divin. Le nez allongé reflète la droiture du croyant. La petite bouche exprime la louange et la glorification du Créateur. L’icône est peinte sur un tissu de lin collé sur une planche de bois avec de la colle de peau de lapin. Une technique ancienne et toujours utilisée.
Icones byzantines marquantes.
Roger évoque les icônes les plus marquantes. Celles de la Sainte Mère de Dieu sont très vénérées. On y voit la Vierge portant son Fils dans les bras. Elle est vêtue d’une tunique et d’un manteau ornés de trois étoiles. Ces étoiles représentent sa virginité avant, pendant et après l’enfantement.

éLes icônes du Christ Sauveur ou Pantocrator sont aussi très populaires. Le Christ y est représenté en buste, tenant l’Évangile de la main gauche et bénissant de la main droite. Si l’Évangile est ouvert, c’est le Christ Sauveur. S’il est fermé, c’est le Pantocrator. Il porte une tunique bleu clair pour la divinité, et un manteau rouge pour l’humanité. Son teint est brun, ses traits sont moyen-orientaux.

« Les icônes byzantines sont souvent habillées d’une plaque en or en arrière-plan », ajoute Roger. Ce fond doré donne à l’image un aspect bidimensionnel. Il renforce la sacralité du personnage représenté et souligne sa royauté divine.
Outre la Vierge et le Christ, d’autres icônes sont célèbres. Saint Georges terrassant le dragon, Saint Nicolas, l’Annonciation par l’ange Gabriel et Saint Jean Baptiste en poil de chameau avec une cape verte, le Christ entrant à Jérusalem sur un âne, ou encore la Crucifixion. Toutes ces icônes incarnent la foi et la tradition.

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