À la découverte de Frederick Childe Hassam : un maître impressionniste américain.
Bien que passionnée par le courant impressionniste, le nom du grand peintre Frederick Childe Hassam m’avait, un temps, échappé. C’est grâce à un ami qui m’a emmenée visiter le Metropolitan Museum de New York que j’ai pu découvrir ses œuvres… et partager aujourd’hui ce plaisir avec vous.

Frederick Childe Hassam; un précurseur de l’impressionnisme américain.
Frederick Childe Hassam, né le 17 octobre 1859 à Boston, fut une figure majeure de l’impressionnisme aux États-Unis. Peintre prolifique, il a réalisé plus de 3000 œuvres — huiles, aquarelles, gravures et lithographies — consacrées principalement aux scènes urbaines et côtières. Il a joué un rôle clé dans l’acceptation de ce courant artistique par les collectionneurs, marchands et musées américains.
Son père, Frederick Fitch Hassam, coutelier prospère, possédait une impressionnante collection d’art et d’antiquités. Très jeune, Childe développe un intérêt marqué pour la peinture. Il reçoit ses premières leçons à l’école « The Mather » et perfectionne l’aquarelle, qui deviendra son médium de prédilection.
La vocation de Frederick Childe Hassam née dans l’adversité.
En 1872, un incendie ravage le quartier commercial de Boston, ruinant la famille. À 17 ans, Hassam quitte le lycée pour aider les siens. Son oncle lui propose de financer des études à Harvard, mais il refuse, préférant travailler tout en étudiant la gravure sur bois. Après avoir été l’assistant du graveur George Johnson, il commence à peindre des scènes en plein air.


Parallèlement, il suit des cours au Lowell Institute et au Boston Art Club. En 1883, après sa première exposition à la galerie Williams and Everett, son ami Edmund Garrett l’invite à un voyage d’étude en Europe. Ensemble, ils traversent le Royaume-Uni, la France, l’Italie, la Suisse, l’Espagne, étudiant les maîtres anciens et peignant la campagne européenne. Hassam est particulièrement marqué par les aquarelles de J.M.W. Turner et l’approche réaliste de Corot.
« Regardez autour de vous » : les conseils qui changèrent sa vision.

Inspiré par William Morris Hunt et Jean-Léon Gérôme, Hassam retient cette recommandation essentielle : « Regardez autour de vous et peignez ce que vous voyez. » Cette vision l’amènera à valoriser les scènes de la vie moderne américaine, à l’image du pont de Brooklyn qu’il compare au Colisée.
Paris, la révélation.
En 1886, il s’installe à Paris, place Pigalle, et s’inscrit à l’Académie Julian. Mais très vite, il abandonne l’enseignement académique, préférant l’expérimentation personnelle. Il peint alors des scènes de rue, d’abord sombres, puis de plus en plus lumineuses. En 1887, il réalise deux versions de Grand Prix Day, marquant un tournant : couleurs claires, coups de pinceau libres — l’influence impressionniste se fait sentir. À l’Exposition Universelle de 1889, il reçoit une médaille de bronze.
C’est dans l’ancien atelier de Renoir qu’il découvre, par hasard, des esquisses laissées sur place. Il avoue ne pas connaître Renoir à l’époque, mais il reconnaît avoir été inspiré par cette « couleur pure » qui correspondait à sa propre recherche.

Retour de Frederick Childe Hassam aux États-Unis : entre modernité et nostalgie.
De retour à New York, il installe son atelier sur la Cinquième Avenue et reprend ses illustrations, tout en peignant en extérieur les rues animées. Il se distingue par une palette sombre (noirs, bruns) pour représenter les scènes urbaines hivernales. Plus tard, ses tableaux deviennent plus lumineux, comme Washington Arch in Spring, évoquant Monet.
Bien qu’il reste fidèle à l’impressionnisme, Hassam se démarque des thèmes chers aux impressionnistes français : peu d’opéras ou de cabarets, mais des scènes de rue, des chevaux, des fleurs — et surtout, l’humain en mouvement.
L’été, il rejoint l’île d’Appledore et le cercle de la poétesse Celia Thaxter. Il y peint son célèbre jardin, son salon fleuri, les paysages côtiers… avec ses coups de pinceau les plus impressionnistes.

Un style qui évolue au fil des crises et des voyages
En 1896, face à la crise économique, il retourne en Europe : Naples, Rome, Florence. Il étudie les maîtres anciens et expose avec le groupe des « Ten » à la galerie Durand-Ruel. Mais ses nouvelles œuvres déroutent : jugées expérimentales, elles sont mal reçues. Pourtant, Hassam persiste, ses couleurs devenant de plus en plus pâles, à la manière de Monet.
Il représente la construction d’une goélette à Provincetown (1900), explore le nu en extérieur, et s’éloigne des scènes citadines, remplacées par des paysages plus sobres, voire symboliques. Même les gratte-ciels, qu’il trouvait d’abord froids, finissent par l’inspirer.
Surnommé « le Marco Polo des peintres », il voyage énormément entre 1904 et 1908 : Haut Désert, côte accidentée, scènes de Portland, nus idéalisés… Il adapte toujours sa palette à l’ambiance des lieux.
Les dernières années : entre vitrine, drapeaux et spiritualité


Dans les années 1920, Hassam revient aux aquarelles côtières et initie une série de tableaux de vitrines. On y voit des femmes méditatives près de fenêtres à rideaux, comme dans The Goldfish Window.
Il peint aussi The South Ledges, Appledore, où l’équilibre entre roche et mer atteint une parfaite harmonie.
Mais sa série la plus marquante reste celle des Flags. Inspiré par une parade patriotique en 1916, il réalise des tableaux où les drapeaux dominent la scène, en flou, comme vus sous la pluie. The Avenue in the Rain est même exposé au bureau ovale depuis 2009. Il rend hommage à l’Amérique, tout en restant fidèle à son style.

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