Mort d’une overdose à l’âge de 27 ans, Jean-Michel Basquiat est l’un des artistes les plus controversés du XXe siècle : certains rejettent son travail, notamment ses graffitis, d’autres voient en lui un génie avant-gardiste.
Né à Brooklyn en 1960 de mère portoricaine et de père haïtien, Jean-Michel Basquiat a grandi à Puerto Rico et à New York. À l’âge de 7 ans, il découvre ses tendances artistiques : alors qu’il joue dans une rue de Brooklyn, une voiture le renverse et le blesse assez grièvement. C’est durant son séjour à l’hôpital qu’il se passionne pour un livre d’anatomie offert par sa mère Matilde qui l’a initié très jeune à la connaissance culturelle : musées, langues étrangères. Comme tous les Grands Peintres, sa connaissance du corps humain a éveillé son sens artistique.
Après la séparation de ses parents, bien que très jeune, il quitte le domicile familial et commence à taguer des messages satiriques et ironiques sur l’état du monde et de la société américaine sous le pseudonyme de Samo (« Same Old shit » en anglais) en compagnie de l’un de ses amis Al Diaz. Une signature surmontée d’une couronne qui deviendra célèbre et qui réapparaitra sur des peintures postérieures. Il découvre le milieu de l’underground, se lie avec des graffitistes et abandonne ses études.
Pour combler l’absence des artistes noirs dans les musées américains, l’ambition de Basquiat se double très vite d’une quête identitaire placée sous le signe de la négritude. Son goût pour le métissage culturel et sa haine du racisme nourrissent une œuvre néo-expressionniste parfois sombre et angoissée.
À la fin des années 1970, alors que Keith Haring couvre aussi les murs de graffitis, Basquiat devient une figure de l’East Village. Il travaille seul ou en collectif, fonde un groupe de rock et participe à un film indépendant. C’est à cette occasion qu’il rencontre Andy Warhol, pape consacré de la Pop culture. Basquiat commence à exposer ses œuvres et la fréquentation de Warhol lui offre une plus grande visibilité.
La carrière de Basquiat connait une irrémédiable ascension à partir de 1981. Un article lui est consacré dans Artforum sous le titre « The Radiant Child », soulignant son charisme. Il trouve l’appui de la marchande d’art Annina Nosei qui lui réserve le sous-sol de sa galerie comme espace de travail.
En 1982, il expose chez Larry Gagosian, l’un des plus importants marchands d’art contemporain. Les plus grands musées américains se l’arrachent. Mais, au quotidien, l’artiste est miné par la drogue et l’alcool. Il vit cloîtrer, peint et regarde la télévision.
La disparition de Warhol en 1987 est une tragédie pour Basquiat. Le peintre s’isole et s’enferme dans sa toxicomanie. Un voyage à Hawaï ne suffira pas à le détourner de ses démons : le jeune artiste sera finalement retrouvé mort dans son appartement de New York, le 12 août 1988.
En 2017, une de ses œuvres pulvérise un record de vente. Elle atteint aux enchères 110,5 millions de dollars, signe que l’artiste mort depuis trente ans n’a pas fini de faire vivre le marché de l’art contemporain. Il est devenu l’un des artistes américains les plus chers du monde.
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