La naissance du modernisme et de l’art moderne remonte à la révolution industrielle. Cette période de changements rapides dans la fabrication, le transport et la technologie a commencé vers le milieu du XVIIIe siècle et a duré tout au long du XIXe siècle, affectant profondément les conditions de vie sociales, économiques et culturelles en Europe occidentale, en Amérique du Nord et, éventuellement, dans le monde.
De nouvelles formes de transport, notamment le chemin de fer, la machine à vapeur et le métro, ont changé la façon dont les gens vivaient, travaillaient et voyageaient, élargissant leur vision du monde et leur accès à de nouvelles idées. À mesure que les centres urbains prospéraient, les travailleurs affluaient vers les villes pour des emplois industriels et les populations urbaines explosaient.
Avant le XIXe siècle, les artistes étaient le plus souvent chargés de réaliser des œuvres d’art par de riches mécènes ou des institutions comme l’église. Une grande partie de cet art représentait des scènes religieuses ou mythologiques qui racontaient des histoires destinées à instruire le spectateur. Au cours du XIXe siècle, de nombreux artistes ont commencé à faire de l’art en se basant sur leurs propres expériences personnelles et sur des sujets qu’ils ont choisis. Avec la publication du psychologue Sigmund Freud L’interprétation des rêves (1899) et la vulgarisation de l’idée d’un esprit subconscient, de nombreux artistes ont commencé à explorer les rêves, le symbolisme et l’iconographie personnelle comme avenues pour la représentation de leurs expériences subjectives. Remettant en question l’idée que l’art doit représenter le monde de manière réaliste, certains artistes ont expérimenté l’utilisation expressive de la couleur, des matériaux non traditionnels et de nouvelles techniques et médiums. Parmi ces nouveaux médiums figure la photographie, dont l’invention en 1839 offre des possibilités radicales de représentation et d’interprétation du monde.
Les artistes qui ont représenté le mieux cette métamorphose artistique sont Eugène Atget, Hippolyte Blancard, Paul Cézanne, Salvador Dalí, Max Ernst, Paul Gauguin, Vincent van Gogh, Hector Guimard, Vasily Kandinsky, Raoul François Larche, Jacques-Henri Lartigue, Fernand Léger, Henri Matisse, Joan Miró, Paula Modersohn-Becker, Edvard Munch, Pablo Picasso, Henri Rousseau, Georges-Pierre Seurat, William J. Shew, Paul Strand, Charles Sheeler, Henri de Toulouse-Lautrec, Édouard Vuillard.
Dans de prochains articles, j’exposerai d’une manière plus approfondie cette mutation de l’art à travers l’œuvre de chacun de ces artistes.
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