Historiquement, la première approche de l’intelligence s’est centrée sur les différences individuelles. Il est indiscutable que les gens varient dans leurs capacités intellectuelles.
Ils diffèrent par leur mémoire, leur rapidité à résoudre des problèmes et leur compréhension du langage. Ils varient aussi dans leur capacité à analyser des situations complexes.
Quand nous disons qu’une personne est « brillante » ou « très intelligente », nous parlons de ces compétences.
Nous présumons alors qu’il est possible de classer les individus selon leur degré de brillance. C’est cette hypothèse qui a conduit à la création des tests d’intelligence. Ces tests permettent de mesurer les différences individuelles de puissance intellectuelle.
L’approche psychométrique de l’intelligence.
Cette définition de l’intelligence comme « puissance » s’inscrit dans une approche psychométrique. Cette approche est restée dominante pendant de nombreuses années.
Mais elle ne traite pas d’un autre fait tout aussi certain : l’intelligence évolue.
Donnez à un enfant de 5 ans une liste mentale de courses. Il oubliera certains éléments et utilisera peu de stratégies pour s’en souvenir. Il ne regroupera pas les éléments ni ne les répétera mentalement. Un enfant de 8 ans, en revanche, retiendra davantage d’éléments. Il utilisera probablement des stratégies comme la répétition mentale pour mémoriser la liste.
Le point de vue de Jean Piaget.
Cette évolution des capacités constitue le cœur de la seconde grande tradition :
l’approche développementale cognitive, initiée par Jean Piaget. Il s’intéresse aux structures cognitives et non à la puissance intellectuelle. Piaget étudie les modèles de développement communs à tous les enfants. Il ne s’attarde pas sur les différences entre individus.
Une troisième approche : le traitement de l’information.
Ces deux traditions coexistent depuis longtemps, sans vraiment se rapprocher.
Elles sont comme des voisins polis mais distants. Une troisième approche a émergé : le traitement de l’information. Elle intègre partiellement les deux points de vue précédents. Elle s’intéresse aux processus et stratégies sous-jacents à toute activité cognitive.
Quels sont les blocs de base de ces processus ? Peuvent-ils évoluer avec l’âge ?
Les gens diffèrent-ils dans la vitesse à laquelle ils les utilisent ?
Cette approche soulève ces questions et cherche à y répondre. Elle est plus récente et représente une synthèse novatrice.
Vers une compréhension globale de l’intelligence.
Chacune de ces trois visions apporte des éléments importants. Pour comprendre l’intelligence, il faut les considérer ensemble. Elles offrent des perspectives différentes mais complémentaires. Je reviendrai dans de futurs articles sur ces thèmes. Je parlerai des changements développementaux selon Piaget et du traitement de l’information. Nous aborderons aussi les différences individuelles à travers ces deux prismes.
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