Originaire du bassin méditerranéen, le chardon-Marie doit son nom à une légende : la Vierge Marie, voyageant d’Égypte en Palestine, aurait donné le sein à l’enfant Jésus près d’un bosquet de chardons. Quelques gouttes de son lait tombèrent sur les feuilles, créant les nervures blanches caractéristiques à cette espèce.
Cette plante miraculeuse est utilisée pour combattre les troubles digestifs, les maladies du foie et de la vésicule biliaire (l’hépatite, la cirrhose, les calculs biliaires la jaunisse et les dommages causés au foie par des substances toxiques).
Les Grecs antiques l’utilisaient pour traiter les troubles hépatiques et biliaires. Il était de prendre le jus de la plante mélangé à du miel pour « éliminer les excès de bile ». Au Moyen Âge, on disait que la plante pouvait chasser la « mélancolie ». Au XIXe siècle, des médecins américains l’ont employé pour traiter les varices, les troubles menstruels et les congestions du foie, de la vésicule biliaire et des reins.
De tout temps, les Européens l’ont cultivé à des fins culinaires. On apprêtait les feuilles à la manière des épinards (après en avoir retiré les épines!), les jeunes pousses à la manière des asperges, les boutons floraux à la manière des artichauts et les graines torréfiées à la manière du café.
De nos jours, les chercheurs croient que la silymarine contenue dans toutes les parties de la plante peut régénérer les tissus abîmés du foie en plus de protéger cet organe contre les effets des toxines naturelles (champignons, venin de serpent, piqûres d’insectes, alcool) ou synthétiques (solvants, produits de nettoyage, médicaments). Les chercheurs et les cliniciens s’intéressent de très près aussi, aux effets bénéfiques du chardon-Marie puisqu’ils pensent que la plante permettrait, entre autres, de protéger le foie des dommages causés par la chimiothérapie. Mais, on scrute aussi son potentiel effet préventif contre le cancer de la prostate, le cancer de la peau et le cancer colorectal. Le chardon-Marie pourrait aussi améliorer l’efficacité des traitements contre le cancer. De même, Le traitement par le chardon-Marie améliore le contrôle de la glycémie et réduit les taux de cholestérol et de triglycérides sanguins.
Très rares sont les effets indésirables : des troubles gastro-intestinaux légers (nausée, diarrhée) car la consommation de chardon-Marie pourrait entraîner une réaction chez les personnes allergiques aux plantes de la famille des composées (marguerites, asters, camomille, etc.).
Enfin, L’effet antidiabétique de la silymarine pourrait s’ajouter à celui d’autres plantes (gym Néma, ginseng, momordique, par exemple).
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