L’art pictural à travers les âges.

L’art pictural a de tout temps accompagné l’Homme depuis son apparition sur Terre. Aux premiers temps, nos ancêtres racontaient leur quotidien à travers l’iconographie et de superbes fresques. Ces fresques étaient peintes avec des couleurs élémentaires créées à partir de plantes et de fleurs cueillies au passage.
Cette tradition artistique a connu des courants et des écoles. Ces derniers l’ont fait évoluer à travers les siècles, sans toutefois trahir le but de la peinture : éterniser le quotidien de l’Homme et de son époque.
À la découverte de l’iconographie russe.

Aujourd’hui, on va découvrir ensemble les chefs-d’œuvre de l’iconographie russe, car elle constitue un monde divers de styles et d’écoles.
D’après la légende, l’auteur de la première icône fut Saint Luc. Il aurait réalisé le portrait, d’après nature, de la Sainte Vierge avec l’enfant Jésus dans ses bras. Mais, à cette époque, on ne peut pas parler d’icône au sens propre du terme. On a pu créer sans doute des images de saints, mais dans le style de portrait romain. Les icônes les plus anciennes que l’on connaît datent du VIème siècle. Toutes, à l’exception de quatre, ont été transportées à Kiev par l’archimandrite Ouspenski au XIXème siècle. Elles se trouvent actuellement au monastère de Sainte Catherine.

Les premières pièces de l’iconographie russe.
Quant aux premières icônes russes, elles remontent au Xème siècle. De ce temps, la Russie a choisi l’Orthodoxie, avec le prince Vladimir baptisé par des missionnaires grecs en 988. Les XIème et XIIème siècles caractérisés par la présence de peintres grecs à Kiev, capitale de la Russie à l’époque. Et dont le plus renommé fut Olympii.
Au XIème siècle fut construite la cathédrale de Sainte Sophie à Kiev. Richement décorée de mosaïques et de fresques par les peintres grecs et leurs élèves russes, elle constitue l’un des modèles les plus significatifs de ce siècle.

À la même époque fut réalisée l’icône de Saint Georges, commandée par le prince Yaroslav le Sage dont le nom de baptême était Georges, et dont l’auteur présumé est l’un des artistes employés pour les travaux de Sainte Sophie.
Les chefs-d’œuvre du XIIème siècle.
Parmi les chefs-d’œuvre du XIIème siècle, il faut citer « Saint Nicolas avec les saints » et « L’ange aux cheveux d’or » très aimé des croyants. Cette icône se caractérise par son aspect typiquement russe. L’archange est remarquable par son expression douce et mélancolique que lui confèrent de grands yeux en amande et l’inclinaison de sa tête.

L’invasion mongole et ses conséquences.
En 1240, les hordes mongoles envahirent le pays et les conséquences sont lourdes non seulement pour l’art mais toute la vie s’arrêta soudain : les icônes de cette époque s’en imprègnent. Les visages des saints sont étonnamment sévères et ascétiques, la beauté classique disparaît et le langage artistique devient laconique. Un goût prononcé pour le linéaire, la simplicité de la composition et la vivacité des couleurs qui renonce aux nuances, est à souligner. Et ce brusque changement de style ne peut être attribué à la sévérité de la vie russe sous l’occupation, mais plutôt à la mentalité russe qui refait surface dès que la culture méditerranéenne devient inaccessible.

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