J’ai un ami qui vit en Australie (entre nous c’était mon élève du temps où j’enseignais au Mont La Salle) qui m’a envoyé des photos de la Grande Barrière de corail, pensant ainsi m’encourager à visiter le continent ; un voyage de 20 heures en avion que je n’entreprendrais jamais… Mais les photos et les informations jointes m’ont vraiment plu et j’ai pensé les partager avec vous.
D’après Charbel, mon ex-élève 😉 , il s’agit du plus grand récif corallien du monde. L’ensemble, qui s’étire sur plus de 2 600 kilomètres et qui couvre une superficie de 344 400 km2, est composé de 2 900 récifs et de 900 îles. Visible de l’espace, c’est la plus grande structure vivante biogénique (créée par des organismes vivants) au monde, construite par des milliards de coraux. Le récif soutient une large diversité de vie marine et est inscrite sur la liste du patrimoine mondiale de l’UNESCO.
Une large partie du récif est protégée pour limiter l’impact de l’activité humaine telle que la pêche et le tourisme mais malheureusement d’autres pressions environnementales s’exercent sur le récif et son écosystème incluant ruissellement, changement climatique qui cause le blanchissement des coraux donc leur mort ; et si nous continuons avec nos émissions de gaz co2 comme si de rien n’était, la Barrière ne survivra pas. (Á savoir, cette Barrière produit 25% de l’oxygène que nous respirons).
Si on va rentrer dans les détails du récif, il est considéré comme la plus grande structure vivante sur Terre. Il est constitué de nombreuses colonies de coraux. C’est une destination très populaire pour les plongeurs sous- marins. 350 espèces de coraux de tailles, de formes et de couleurs différentes y abritent, dans une eau d’un bleu lumineux, plus de 1 500 espèces de poissons et de crustacés.
Le corail qui constitue la Grande Barrière a été créé il y a 18 millions d’années et ne peut pas vivre à plus de 30 m de profondeur. Cependant, on trouve des récifs sur des socles bien plus profonds. Les premières colonies se forment en effet à proximité des côtes, mais tandis que le niveau de la mer monte ou que le fond de l’océan s’enfonce, de nouvelles colonies se développent sur les squelettes des individus morts.
Les coraux de la Grande Barrière sont relativement jeunes. Les scientifiques pensent qu’il y a 18 000 ans, le niveau de l’eau a diminué, laissant émerger des collines. Le corail s’est alors formé sur le plateau continental, devant ces collines.
À la fin de l’ère glaciaire, il y a 9 000 ans, l’océan est remonté et a submergé à nouveau les collines. Les colonies de coraux ont pu coloniser de nouveaux endroits, notamment au sommet des anciennes collines. Dans le même temps, les colonies les plus anciennes ont suivi l’élévation de l’eau, les nouveaux coraux se développant au-dessus des coraux morts.
Depuis, au fil des siècles, des « murs » de coraux se sont formés, les récifs s’élevant. Sur les anciennes collines submergées sont apparus des platûres coralliennes, récifs frangeants et cayes (petites îles de sable composées de débris calcaires).
Les coraux souffrent aussi beaucoup de maladies dont les principales causes sont la pollution et le réchauffement climatique actuel : sous l’effet des eaux qui restent trop chaudes pendant trop longtemps, les coraux perdent leurs couleurs, exposant ainsi leurs squelettes blancs, et finissent par mourir faute de nutriments.
Le réchauffement climatique a déclenché l’effondrement des écosystèmes de récifs dans l’ensemble des zones tropicales. Les températures globales accrues apportent des orages tropicaux plus violents, mais les systèmes de récifs sont naturellement résistants et récupèrent des effets des orages.
Plusieurs des espèces de coraux de la Grande Barrière de Corail vivent actuellement à leur limite supérieure de tolérance à la température.
Les aborigènes vivent dans la région depuis au moins 40 000 ans et les indigènes du détroit de Torrès depuis environ 10 000. Pour ces groupes de quelque 70 clans, le récif est aussi une part importante de leur culture et de leur spiritualité.
En 1975, le gouvernement australien a créé le parc marin de la Grande Barrière et défini quelles activités y sont interdites. Un mélange de zones, de plans de gestion, de permis, d’éducation et d’incitations (comme les certifications d’éco- tourisme) sont utilisés pour préserver la grande barrière.
Les réserves semblent améliorer la santé globale de l’écosystème même face à l’étoile de mer invasive, qui semble moins fréquente sur les récifs où tout prélèvement est interdit. Les réserves nécessitent cependant d’être bien surveillées, car le braconnage peut y causer un effondrement de la population de poissons.. L’augmentation du réseau des réserves marines en 2004 a eu un impact pour les pêcheurs, mais des études préliminaires d’analyse économique suggèrent des bénéfices nets considérables, sur le plan de la protection des valeurs environnementales et du tourisme : la Grande Barrière accueille 2 millions de touristes chaque année.
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